Most interesting:
Sura order like Codex Masʿud
and
Orthography
The orthographic rules in the main body of Codex Mashhad exhibit a clear propensity towards scriptio defectiva, signaling palaeographic antiquity of the codex. Its style neither conforms to the modern orthography, nor aligns with the “Uthmānic rasm” described by Abū ʿAmr al-Dānī (in the Muqni) and Abū Dāʾūd Sulaimān ibn Naǧāḥ (Muḫtaṣar at-Tabyīn). For instance, šaiʾشئ is always written with an additional alif as شای, ḏūذو with an additional alif as ذوا; and the word ʾulūاولوا with waw for /u/, and without waw for /ū/ as اولا.
The most salient orthographic feature of Codex Mashhad is the omission of alif as the sign of long vowel /ā/; examples of this can be found on nearly every page, at a proportion far surpassing other known ḥijāzī codices. Several notable cases rarely seen in early ḥijāzī manuscripts from the first century are briefly mentioned here:
The words قرآن and عذاب are almost always written without alif as قرن and عذب ‒ very rare and strange in three-letter words. Apart from many occurrences of قل/قلوا instead of قال/قالوا and کن/کنوا instead of کان/کانوا, we come across مل (f. A16a) for مال (2:247), and صل (f. B60b) for صال (37:163). Other examples are: ایما (f. A20b) for ایاما (Q. 3:24), امما (f. A8b) for اماما (2:124), الذن (f. A31b) for الذان (4:16), اطع (f. A35a) for اطاع in (4:80), ارد (f. A42b) for اراد (5:17), مئدة (f. A49b) for مائدة (5:114), ثنی (f. A77b) for ثانی (9:40), این (f. B29b) for ایان (27:65), اینا (f. A85a) for ایانا (10:28) اعنه (f. B19a) for اعانه (25:4), and فودک (f. B20b) for فؤادک (25:32).
The addition of alif in some words seems to indicate the vowel kasra, e.g. جایتَهم (f. A49a) for جِئتَهم (5:110) جایتُکم (twice on f. A22a) for جِئتُکم (3:49 + 50) ,شايتَ (f. A67a) for شِئتَ (7:155), جایتُکَ (f. B22b), for جِئتُکَ (26:26), جاینکَ (f. B20b), for جِئنٰکَ (25:33), and قد جايتُکم (f. B80a) for قد جِئتُکم (43:63). cf. Ahmad al-Jallad suggests that after kasra ىا stands for hamza.
The omission of alif while connecting two words, in such cases as بلحق (f. A58b) for بالحق (6:151), بلبینت (ff. A103a, B80a & B103a) for بالبینت (14:9, 43:63, & 57:25), and بلغیب (f. B56a) for بالغیب (36:11), is indicative of the oral transmission of the Qurʾān in the first/seventh century. To this, one can add the omission of yāʾ in such cases as اوف الکیل (A96a) instead of اوفی الکیل (Q. 12:59).
The omission of alif as a bearer of ḥamza is also common in Codex Mashhad. Examples include: اطمننتم (4:103) on f. A36b; وامرتن (2:282) on f. A19b; أطفها (5:64) on f. A46a; اطمنوا (10:7) on f. A83b; لاملن (11:11, and 32:13) on ff. A98a & B44a, امتلت (50:30), on f. B92b; اطمن (Q. 22:11) on f. B7a; انشنا (23:19, and 28:45) on f. B13a & B23b; and اشمزت (39:45) on f. B67b.
On the other hand, the addition of alif as a symbol of ḥamza is common in the codex; examples include: نباونی (6:143) on f. A57a; راوس (Q. 2:279) on f. A19b; راوسهم (17:51 & 22:19) on f. A116a & B7b; افادة (14:37 & 16:78) on ff. A102a & A104b; الافادة (67:23) on f. B114b; سیاه (2:81) on f. A5b; and لا یاوده (2:255) on f. A17a.
The omission of nūn while linking to another letter such as lam is very noteworthy, for examples in إلم یکن (ff. A31a & A40b) for إن لم یکن (4:12 & 176), إلم تفعل (f. A46a) for إن لم تفعل (5:67), إلم ینتهوا (f. A46b) for إن لم ینتهوا (5:73), and ألا تعبدوا (f. A90a) for أن لا تعبدوا (11:26).
The omission of wāw in the words like الا (f. A25b) instead of اولاء (Q. 3:119), ابنا الله (f. A42b) instead of ابنوا الله (5:18), نبا (ff. B62a & B111a) instead of نبوا (Q. 38:21 and 64:5), دعا (f. B70b) instead of دعوا (40:50), الی (f. B53a) instead of اولی (35:1), and البلا (f. B60a) instead of البلوا (37:106) is also notable.
Using a denticl ىـ to show /ā/ was common in the early ḥijāzī Qurʾāns but faded over time. There are ample instances of such usage in Codex Mashhad: إليه (f. A46b) for إله (Q. 5:73), دیرهم (f. A101a) for دارهم (Q. 13:31), قرطيس (f. A50b) for قرطاس (Q. 6:7), and جنتین (f. B51a) for جنتان (Q. 34:15).
I see two main phenomena: alif is hamza (more than /ā/), and: The orthography reflects phonological realization rather than morphological structure.
| Folio | Qur’an | KFE | C. Mashhad | pic |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A34a | IV 59 | شئ | شای |  |
| A16b | II 251 | ذو فضل | ذوا فضل |  |
| A57b | VI 133 | ذو الرحمة | ذوا الرحمة |  |
| A20a | III 7 | اولوا الالبب | اولا الالبب |  |
| A103b | XIV 17 | من ورائه | من وراه |  |
| A46a | V 64 | اطفأها | اطفها |  |
| A98a | XI 119 | لاملأن | لاملن |  |
| A19b | II 279 | رءوس | راوس |  |
| A102a | XVI 78 | والافـدة | والافادة |  |
| A5b | II 81 | کسب سیئة | کسب سیاة |  |
| A17a | II 255 | لا یؤده | لا یاوده |  |
| A25b | III 119 | هانتم اولاء | هانتم الا |  |
| A78a | IX 52 | الحسنیین | الحسنین |  |
| A116b | XVII 62 | قال ارءیتک | قل اریتک |  |
| A23a | III 72 | قالت | قلت |  |
| A80b | IX 95 | بما کانوا یکسبون | بما کنوا یکسبون |  |
| A85a | X 28 | ایانا | اینا |  |
| A22a | III 49 | جِئتُکم | جایتکم |  |
| A67a | VII 155 | شِئتَ | شایت |  |
| A46b | V 73 | ما من اله | ما من الیه |  |
| A101a | XIII 31 | دارهم | دیرهم |  |
| B51a | XXXIV 15 | جنتان | جنتین |  |
| A103a | XIV 9 | بالبینت | بلبینت |  |
| A40b | IV 176 | ان لم یکن | الم یکن |  |
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