Saturday 20 February 2021

Printing of the Qurʾān (EQ) by Michael W. Albin

In his 1990 article Early Arabic printing Michael W. Albin writes one should not compete with The Guiness Book of Records: the first Qurʾān print in the Empire, the largest one, the smallest one. Ironically his "Printing of the Qurʾān" in the Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Vol. IV: P‒Sh (2004) devotes more space to the "first printed Qur'an in the Ottoman Empire" than to any other topic, and it qualifies as "the worst Encyclopedia article ever published."
The chapter on the First states:
"None of the earliest Qurʾāns printed in Egypt have survived."
not considering the possibility that there were no earlier ones printed in Egypt before the ones that did survive.
"the first printing of portions of the Qurʾān (ajzāʾ) [in] April 1833"
"Certain aspects of the edition, however, are clear. It was printed in tablet or sheet form"
Nothing is clear about the supposed print, not even that it took place, and what is "tablet form", what "sheet form"? Clay tablets, paper sheets?
"and is often referred to as ajzāʾ al-Qurʾān, in distinction to a complete muṣḥaf."
"We do not know whether the text was typeset or litho­graphed."
"Before printing the 1833 edition, Muḥammad ʿAlī asked Shaykh al-Tamīmī, Muftī of Egypt, to put his seal on the printed copy, so that it could be sold or other­wise dis­tributed. The shaykh agreed to this"
"Ignoring opposition, Muḥammad ʿAlī authorized the first Egyptian printing of the Qurʾān." ‒ definite article and no "portions of" anymore: THE whole thing!
"It is doubtful, whether this edi­tion re­ceived the tra­di­tio­nal attention of scholars and cor­rec­tors before printing."
Remember, we know no­thing about the sup­posed edition, so it goes without saying: every­thing about it is doubt­ful.
"sixty sheets (alwāḥ; sing. lūḥ) were printed for dis­tri­bu­tion to students, pre­sumab­ly students in the govern­ment’s schools."
Nobody knows whether this really happened, and in what form were the sheets pre­sumab­ly dis­tri­buted?
"The Qurʾān portions printed in 1833 were no doubt sold to the popu­lace."
I doubt it.
"It appears that sometime late in 1857 a project to correct the impounded maṣḥāif (see muṣḥaf) was begun."
So now, they are the complete thing, not portions, parts, selections, but maṣāḥif!
And he goes on: "Distribution of the 1833 muṣḥaf no doubt suffered from ..."
So Albin is devoting page after page on an imagined muṣḥāf, that never existed, he oscilliats between some sheets, tablets, ajzāʾ and a com­plete muṣḥaf.

According to Albin the 1924 muṣḥaf is "known as "royal (amīriyya) edition”. Utter nonsense. Egyptians called it , مصحف 12 سطر or مصحف المساحة or مصحف الأميرية either by the (almost unique) number of lines per page, by the printer (the Survey of Egypt in Gizeh) or by the publisher (the Royal Press, al-maṭbaʿa al-amīriyya) ‒ not by the King ‒ why else would it have the feminin form?
Albin is able to top this:
He calls the guy who headed the committee that pre­pared the 1924 edition Shaykh Muḥammad ʿAlī l-Ḥusaynī, which is so wrong that the editors of the EQ wanted to preserve it, to show to the world that this article was written by a librarian, not an Arabist. (If Alī and al-Ḥ. were joined, the ī of Alī would be short Ali'l-Ḥ., but since it is really Aliyyun the names are not joined: the man is Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḫalaf al-Ḥusainī al-Ḥaddād al-Mālikī.)
"Many Qurʾāns printed elsewhere have been modeled on its ... printing con­ven­tions"
I know only of one edition that used the same printing tech­nique as the 1924 Gizeh print: Kabul 1352/1934, an edition largely ignored.
The committee "adopting the recitation conventions of Ḥafṣ ʿan ʿĀṣim"
It is not a recitation con­vention marked by can­ti­lation notes, but a transmission of a "reading".
And on the field of qiraʾa, the committee had nothing to decide, nothing to adopt. The riwāya in Egypt was (I guess for 400 years already) Ḥafṣ ʿan ʿĀṣim.
"When the first printing (i.e. that of 1924) was sold out, the National Library of Egypt determined to bring out another edition. ... The 1924 edition remained the basis of sub­sequent editions in Egypt."
All wrong, the second printing (1925) added seals/rolls to the signi­taries names, and added one word to the text about the edition, and the National Library had nothing to do with it, the Govern­ment Press in Būlāq (al-Amīriyya) did it.
In the next year, or a year later, they changed the spelling of ʾallan in 73:20 ‒ a spelling that was not kept in the big revision in 1952.
Albin confuses the small changes (in the back matter) of 1925 with the big revision in 1952.
Whereas the committee for 1924 was only one ʿālim plus three men from the state educa­tion sphere, men who could not contribute to the project, just sym­bolizing state involvement, the committee for 1952 were four ʿulamāʾ, headed ‒ as in 1924 ‒ by the (then) chief qāriʾ ʿAlī Mu­ḥammad aḍ-Ḍab­bāʿ (not Ḍibāʿ as far as I know). In 1952 there were about 900 changes (only three in the rasm).
Contrary to what Albin writes, the 1952 edition became the basis of sub­sequent edtions in Egypt (and later in the Mašriq).
And Albin invents an edition "called" so and so:
"The government issued an edition reviewed by the iden­tical committee in 1936 called the Fārūq edition, after the Egyptian king, Fārūq (r. 1926‒52). The version was cor­rected by Shaykh Naṣr al-ʿAdlī, chief corrector at the government (amīriyya) press. In addi­tion to the signatures of the five persons involved, the work bears the seal of the Shaykh al-Azhar."
((note the change from "royal" to "govern­ment press" for amīriyya!))
If he had consulted the 1936 print, he would have seen that it was not only made by the same men as in 1924, but that nothing had changed, not even the dedication to King Fuʾād!. Albin's (and Reynold's) "King Farūq Edition" is mere invention (as so many things in his article ‒ or at best hearsay.).
BTW, the private (re-)print of 1938 is not by Maktabat al-Šams al-Islāmiyya, as Albin writes, but by Maktabat al-Šarq al-Islā­miyya wa-Maṭ­baʻa­tu­hā, un­less the librarians in Amster­dam and Jeru­salem got it wrong.
LATER ADDITION

HSU CHENG-HSiANG writes in his Ph.D. THE FIRST THIRTY YEARS OF ARABIC PRINTING IN EGYPT, 1238-1267 (1822-1851) A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL STUDY WITH A CHECKLIST BY TITLE OF ARABIC PRINTED WORKS
Although there is no complete publication of the Qur'an, some parts of it may have been produced for study, for it was an important part of the curriculum in many of Muḥammad ʿAli's new schools. (p.146)
Although it is difficult to prove that something is not the case, I think it very unlikely that the 1833 muṣḥaf existed.

minute things in Maghribian maṣāḥif

I wanted to post about signs used in Maghrebian maṣāḥif resp. in Medina maṣāḥif of readings used in the Maġrib (Warš and Qālūn). I decided...