Tuesday 18 June 2019

Madd al-Muttasil and Madd al-Munfasil

There are several types of madd sign in the Qurʾān, in South Asian masāhif:

madd al-muttasil
for a longer lengthening of the vowel used withIN a word, and



madd al-munfaṣṣil. before a word that starts with hamza.


And a third extra thick one---madd lāzim ḥarfi (normally six Units long)
over eight of the letters before some suras,

قۤ كۤ لۤ مۤ نۤ سۤ صۤ عۤ
not above all of them!













At the beginning of the Second Sura
one can see that G. Flugel had no idea of qur'ān wirting/printing
He puts a madda sign above the alif too
although it does not belong there.



an Ottoman muṣḥaf (MNQ) with a black madda sign withIN words, red ones at the end of words, when the next words starts with hamza.

and here sniplets from a Persian one (Nairizī):

hier an Indo-Pak muṣḥaf (with different signs):

and an modern Indonesian one:

In the muṣḥaf muʿallim riwāyat Qālūn of Edition Nous-Mêmes in Tunis there are three different madda signs.
The thick one for the "mysterious" letters and within a word (2 madda), the thin/normal one at the end of a word (before hamza) (1 madda):
Note: I am not using the Arab terms -- and warn against them -- because the editors use them differently:

note further:
They have a third madda sign: 1 1/2 madda before a pause.
Since some of the pauses are optional, the lengthening is conditional on the actual pause: when the reader chooses not to pause this a "1 madda"

I guess it would be best to encode four madda signs:
the very long one ‒ used only in the East for the "mysterious" letters
the long one ‒ for lengthening within a word (and the"mysterious" letters)
the longer one ‒ (1 1/2 before pause, seldom used)
the normal one ‒ used at the end of words and in MSA.
The "small madda" should not be used in the data stream, type technology chooses a size according to the letter.
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